ExpressVPN / PIA
🇻🇬
VG · hors UE
Offshore VPNs owned by a single advertising-adjacent group.
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Mullvad VPN
Gothenburg's account-number-only VPN; you can literally pay in cash.
🇸🇪
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OVPN
Swedish provider running diskless servers it owns outright.
🇸🇪
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AirVPN
Italian activist-run VPN with deep configuration control.
🇮🇹
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Surfshark
Amsterdam-headquartered VPN with unlimited devices.
🇳🇱