Adobe Photoshop
🇺🇸
US · non-EU
The industry standard, now rented monthly forever.
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Affinity Photo
Nottingham-built professional editor; one purchase, no subscription.
🇬🇧
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Krita
Dutch foundation's free painting and illustration studio.
🇳🇱
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darktable
German open-source RAW workflow, a real Lightroom replacement.
🇩🇪
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Photopea
Czech browser-based editor that opens PSD files directly.
🇨🇿