One US conglomerate owns most of the apps you have tried.
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LOVOO
Dresden-built dating app, big in German-speaking Europe.
🇩🇪
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Parship
Hamburg matchmaking based on a psychological compatibility model.
🇩🇪
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Jaumo
German independent dating app, no US parent company.
🇩🇪
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Breeze
Dutch app that skips chatting and just books you a date.
🇳🇱