WhatsApp, Messenger & Telegram
🇺🇸🇦🇪
non-EU
Encrypted messages, unencrypted metadata, owned by Meta.
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Olvid
French messenger with no server-side directory at all; certified by ANSSI.
🇫🇷
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Element
Matrix messaging with encrypted DMs and no phone number required.
🇬🇧
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Delta Chat
Chat over ordinary email; works with any mailbox, no new account.
🇩🇪
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Threema
Swiss paid messenger, no phone number needed (outside the default EU scope).
🇨🇭