ChatGPT, Gemini & Copilot

OpenAI's assistant. Prompts are processed in the US, training-data provenance remains contested, and the Italian DPA has fined the service under the GDPR.

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  ChatGPT ↗

  OpenAI, San Francisco.

  🇺🇸 United States ·outside Europe

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  Google Gemini ↗

  Mountain View, California.

  🇺🇸 United States ·outside Europe

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  Microsoft Copilot ↗

  Redmond, Washington.

  🇺🇸 United States ·outside Europe

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  Le Chat (Mistral AI) ↗

  Paris-built frontier models; open-weight options and EU hosting.

  🇫🇷 France · EU member state

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  Aleph Alpha ↗

  Heidelberg. Refocused in 2024 on sovereign and public-sector AI rather than competing with frontier chat models.

  🇩🇪 Germany · EU member state

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  LightOn ↗

  French enterprise generative AI, deployable on premises.

  🇫🇷 France · EU member state

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  Nebius AI Studio ↗

  Amsterdam-listed GPU cloud, formed from Yandex's non-Russian assets when the group was split and its Russian business divested in 2024.

  🇳🇱 Netherlands · EU member state

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  Lumo (Proton) ↗

  Swiss privacy-first assistant (outside the default EU scope).

  🇨🇭 Switzerland · EFTA / EEA

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